Annotated+Bibliography

Isralowitz, Richard. "Smoking & Tobacco: Overview." //Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society//. ABC-CLIO, n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2011. .
 * Annotation # 2 **
 * MLA Citation: **

Author's credentials: Richard Isralowitz is professor and director of the Regional Alcohol and Drug Abuse Resources Center at Ben Gurion University in Israel. The honors he has received for his work include Distinguished International Scientist, US National Institute on Drug Abuse; International University Professor, New York University; Hallsworth Scholar of Social Policy, University of Manchester, England; and Fulbright Fellow, University of Singapore. He received his doctorate from the Florence Heller Graduate School for Advanced Studies in Social Policy and Management at Brandeis University.
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This is an informational report.

Intended Audience: This article is also intended to inform a wide audience of all ages and genders about the dangers of smoking cigarettes as it merely states the facts associated with smoking in hopes of deterring the behavior.

Thesis or main idea: The main idea of the article is essentially, cigarettes are serious drugs that consume people's lives and cause hundreds of thousands of deaths and serious illnesses every year.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: The article argues touches on the addictive power of nicotine, which is present in cigarettes. The article then goes on to state, "It is widely known that smoking harms nearly every organ of the body, causing many diseases and reducing the health of smokers." Cigarette smoking is thought to be the most preventable cause of death and disease in the world. The amount of cigarettes that people smoke per day, and per year, is quite large and only increases with age. Despite the obvious and researched affects of cigarette smoking, the drug is still sold almost everywhere.

Summary of evidence: The article starts to explain that nicotine causes the body to release adrenaline, which then leads to a release of glucose. After smokers are done smoking, they begin to feel depressed and fatigued, thus making them crave more nicotine to feel better again. As stated in the previous article, cigarette smoking can cause stomach, kidney, throat, lung, larynx, esophagus, mouth, and bladder cancers, just to name a few. In addition, smoking may cause coronary heart disease or strokes, just to name a few illnesses. Smoking is the second major cause of death worldwide, after heart disease, and is estimated to cause 5 million deaths per year. A smoker smokes approximately 2,400 cigarettes a year. While 12-year olds smoke only an average of 2 a day, persons 40-49 years old consume 17 a day on average.
 * EVIDENCE **

Evaluation of research: This work is clear and well-researched. It follows up every argument it makes with statistical proof and is organized well into various paragraphs depending on each subtopic.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The topic has been sufficiently addressed. As the title states, this article is an overview of smoking and tobacco. It informs the reader with some of the history of tobacco, the various cancers and diseases cigarette smoking leads to, how many people die from smoking, as well as the number of cigarettes that people of varying age smoke.

Evaluation of author bias: The author seems to take the stance that cigarette smoking is dangerous. He or she provides evidence after evidence of why smoking is bad for your body. It is apparent that they are anti-smoking as they don't list any pros to smoking cigarettes.

This article will aid me with my research topic because although some of the information is an overlap of the information found in my first article, there is new information included too. In particular, I found the number of cigarettes that people smoke yearly and daily striking, especially with people my parents' ages. I definitely want to include these numbers somewhere in my presentation or research product.
 * REFLECTION: **

Johansen, Bruce E. //Psychology and Mental Health//. Ed. Nancy A. Piotrowski. Pasadena: Salem Health, 2009. N. pag. //Salem// //Health//. Web. 3 Oct. 2011. .
 * Annotation # 3 **
 * MLA Citation: **

Author's credentials: I cannot find credentials for the author of this article, however, Salem Health and Salem Press are very credible sources. __Salem Health: Psychology & Mental Health__ in its self is a comprehensive five-volume set that covers notable theories, people, social issues, life stages, the physiology and anatomy of the nervous system, and various mental illnesses or conditions. The editor, Nancy A. Piotrowski, is affiliated with the U. of California, Berkeley.
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This is an informational report.

Intended Audience: This report is meant to inform an audience of all ages, genders, and races about nicotine dependence.

Thesis or main idea: The main idea of this article is that nicotine causes the smoker to become dependent on cigarettes to fulfill the temporary “buzz” feeling that the body craves. The body seeks relief through cigarettes, which create momentary relaxation and calm as a result of the nicotine.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: The article primarily discusses why nicotine is so addictive. Nicotine dependence increases with age as well as continued use of the drug. The article briefly discusses the history of cigarette smoking and points out that tobacco used to be considered healthy. It is apparent that nicotine causes addiction since there are numerous withdrawal symptoms. The earlier in life one begins smoking cigarettes, the greater the chances that they will become addicted down the line. Psychological cues also play a role in nicotine dependence. The body almost trains itself to associate certain tasks or places with smoking.

Summary of evidence: It was not until 1963 that the Surgeon General issued a report that linked cigarette smoking to various health problems such as stroke, cancer, and heart disease. Since then, it has also been proven that second-hand smoke also causes health issues and increases health risks. The most prominent sign of nicotine addiction is the inability to go without smoking despite numerous attempts to quit. Irritability, insomnia, increased hunger, and difficulty concentrating are among the many signs of withdrawal. Smoking nicotine increases the body's levels of neurotransmitters, which regulate mood and behavior, as well as levels of adrenaline. A few examples of cues that cause smokers to crave cigarettes are drinking a morning coffee or alcohol, or free time at work. Nonetheless, smoking has become limited in certain places.
 * EVIDENCE **

Evaluation of research: This article was very educational. It explains nicotine addiction and its psychological factors in a way that is easy for the reader to comprehend while also being informative.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The topic has been effectively discussed. The author addresses numerous aspects of nicotine dependence, such as withdrawal symptoms, the history of smoking, the seriousness of the addiction, and the psychological cues associated with smoking.

Evaluation of author bias: The author clearly expresses the seriousness of nicotine dependence. He feels that it is just as addictive as heroin, cocaine, and other drugs. He recognizes that it is a very difficult addiction to quit as the body associates cigarette smoking with places and actions, while also physically craving the brief sense of euphoria that nicotine brings.

This article will be useful to my understanding of nicotine addiction. It has helped me gain perspective of what it is like to be a smoker, and the amount of commitment it requires to quit. In a sense, the article helped me step into an addicted smokers shoes. I now recognize that it is not enough to just tell someone about the dangers of smoking and expect them to quit. Quitting requires dedication and an immense amount of restraint. Therefore, I want to place an even greater emphasis in my research presentation that one should never begin smoking, or they will have to face the consequences of addiction. Lemonick, Michael D. "The Other Lung Disease." //Time Magazine// 19 Apr. 2004: n. pag. //Time Magazine//. Web. 12 Oct. 2011. .
 * REFLECTION: **
 * Annotation # 4 **
 * MLA Citation: **

Author's credentials: Michael D. Lemonick is the senior staff writer at Climate Central and a former senior science writer at Time magazine. He has also written for Discover magazine, Yale Environment 360, Scientific American, and others. Lemonick received degrees from Harvard University and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. He currently teaches communications and journalism at Princeton University.
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This is an informational report.

Intended Audience: This report is meant to inform an audience of all ages, genders, and races about Coronary Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

Thesis or main idea: The main idea of this article is that lung cancer is not the only severe disease that can result from smoking. COPD is a very severe disease as well, though most people are unaware of it and its symptoms.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments:
 * Not many people know about COPD, though it is more common than lung cancer
 * Often times, contracting COPD can be preventable is one stays away from smoking
 * Though early diagnosis is best, it rarely happens
 * The only true way to identify if one has COPD is with a C.T. scan
 * The best way for people to be able to exercise is to essentially push through the pain and build up an endurance
 * Exercise can reduce the symptoms of COPD

Summary of evidence:
 * EVIDENCE **
 * As of 2004, approximately 13 million Americans suffer from COPD (about 40 times the amount that have lung cancer)
 * Genetics play some role in getting COPD, but 85% of all cases were linked to smoking
 * The swelling caused by the irritants and toxics in cigarettes inevitably cut off one's oxygen supply as they trigger bronchiospasm, a clenching of the muscles surrounding the air passages
 * People with COPD are especially prone to lung infection. Therefore, they need to be consistent about antibiotics and flu shots, so it is best to catch the disease early.
 * Sadly, when obvious symptoms such as shortness of breath appear, someone may have already had the disease for 10-20 years.
 * A study has showed that just a little bit of exercise like walking can reduce symptoms (study conducted by Dr. Michael Stulbarg of theUniversityofCalifornia)

Evaluation of research: This article was well researched. It had the support and direct quotations from respectable doctors who research the disease. It also provided statistical data to back up its arguments.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The topic has been adequately discussed. The author backs up his thesis and informs the reader about COPD, a fairly unknown disease. He begins to delve into the severity of the disease and some treatment options.

Evaluation of author bias: The author doesn't quite take an objective stance on cigarette smoking. He merely seeks to inform his readers about COPD and make people aware that lung cancer is not the only serious lung disease caused from constant smoking and exposure to other irritants in the air.

This article is going to aide my research project because like many other people, I had never heard of COPD. I chose to research the topic because the elderly woman who I am going to volunteer with suffers from the disease. I will use this information to direct others' attention to the disease and make them aware of the even more serious diseases that may result directly from smoking cigarettes.
 * REFLECTION: **

//Secondhand Smoke: Questions and Answers//. N.p.: National Cancer Institute, 2008. N. pag. //Gale Student Resources in Context//. Web. 13 Oct. 2011..
 * Annotation # 5 **
 * MLA Citation: **

Author’s credentials: The National Cancer Institute is part of the National Institutes of Health, which is one of 11 organizations that make up the Department of Health and Human Services. This pamphlet is undoubtedly credible as it is from the national government and was retrieved from Gale Student Resources in Context, both of which are very scholarly sources.
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This is an informational question & answer pamphlet.

Intended Audience: This report is meant to inform an audience of all ages, genders, and races about numerous aspects regarding second-hand cigarette smoke.

Thesis or main idea: Since this source is a pamphlet, there is no exact thesis or main idea. Its main purpose is to answer common questions about second-hand smoke with informative responses that are meant to deter smoking, especially around others.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments:
 * People are exposed to second-hand smoke in a myriad of places as a result of sidestream (given off by a burning cigarette) and mainstream smoke (smoke exhaled by the person smoking)
 * Cigarettes contain over 4000 chemicals, of which 50 have been proven to cause cancer
 * Exposure to secondhand smoke can cause cancer (nonsmokers inhaling secondhand smoke causes lung cancer)
 * Secondhand smoke causes disease and early death to nonsmokers (increases the risk of heart disease)
 * There is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke
 * To help reduce the risk of secondhand smoke, many states have outlawed smoking in public places

Summary of evidence:
 * EVIDENCE **
 * Cigarettes contain the following chemicals, among thousands of others:
 * Cadmium (used in batteries)
 * Benzene (also found in gasoline)
 * Polonium-210 (a chemical element that gives off radiation)
 * The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. National Toxicology Program, the U.S. Surgeon General, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer have all determined that secondhand smoke causes cancer
 * Every year, approximately 3000 nonsmokers dies as a result of lung cancer from secondhand smoke
 * The Surgeon General estimates that a nonsmokers chances of getting lung cancer increases 20-30% if they live with a smoker
 * In the United States, secondhand smoke is thought to cause about 46,000 heart disease deaths each year
 * Estimates state that exposure to secondhand can increase a nonsmoker’s risk of contracting heart disease by 25-30%

Evaluation of research: This pamphlet was well researched and organized. It thoroughly answers each question asked instead of merely providing short, terse responses.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The topic of second-hand smoke has been adequately addressed. The pamphlet encompasses all aspects of the dangers and seriousness of secondhand smoke, from the chemicals found in cigarettes to the number of heart disease deaths it causes yearly.

Evaluation of author bias: Considering that the pamphlet was provided by the National Cancer Institute, the pamphlet takes a stance against smoking. It makes a great effort to list numerous health affects and issues that secondhand smoke causes to innocent bystanders. I believe the article is more meant to inform smokers about how they’re not only hurting themselves, but they’re hurting the people around them.

This article aids my argument regarding the dangers of smoking, because when people smoke, they don’t realize that they are also affecting the health of the people the surround themselves with. The pamphlet was very informational and I would like to carry over many of the facts and statistics found in it to my research project and presentation. Aside from not thinking about what cigarette smoking is doing to their own health, teens definitely don’t think about how their secondhand smoke affects others. I want to bring awareness to this aspect of smoking as well.
 * REFLECTION: **

Johnson, Patrick. "Raising Cigarette Taxes Is a Good Idea." //Smoking//. Ed. Noel Merino.New York: Greenhaven, 2011. 100-105. Print.
 * Annotation # 6 **
 * MLA Citation: **

Author’s credentials: Patrick Johnson was a freshman majoring in Journalism and English at the University of Wisconsin–Madison during the time he wrote the article in 2009 for the school’s newspaper, //The Badger Herald//. Though Johnson himself is not a highly credible author, his article is a part of Gale’s Opposing Viewpoints series (Greenhaven Press is one of Gale’s publishers). Since his article has been republished by Gale, a highly credible source, Johnson’s work is therefore credible as well.
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This is a persuasive piece.

Intended Audience: This article is meant to convince all audiences the taxes on cigarettes should be raised.

Thesis or main idea: Cigarette taxes should be raised because they are unnecessary, there will be economical benefits, and more people are likely to quit.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments:
 * During hard economic times such as the recession, things such as cigarettes and alcohol should have taxes increased instead of necessary items like food
 * Smokers should be “singled out” because during times of economic crisis, it is better to make the least necessary habits (i.e. cigarette smoking) more expensive
 * It is not a valuable argument to say that a certain state,Wisconsin’s, tax is already too high because each of the fifty states’ cigarette taxes vary accordingly
 * Placing a heavier tax on cigarettes is common in other countries inEurope
 * It makes sense to raise the tax because cigarettes are only minimally beneficial and exponentially detrimental
 * Taxing smokers benefits the economy
 * The tax deters more people from smoking, which leads to decreased health care costs

Summary of evidence:
 * EVIDENCE **
 * “Because the only gain of smoking a cigarette is a brief buzz or the continuation of an unhealthy addiction, smokers have to bear a financial burden to continue hedonistic [self-gratifying] habits.”
 * The tax is beneficial because it helps to discourage people from starting to smoke while still allowing smokers to smoke, at a price
 * The 50 states are polarized, for the most part, in their taxing (As of Jan. 2009, the tax per pack was as follows: Wisconsin $1.77,New York$2.75,Minnesota$1.50,Illinois$0.98)
 * Greece(highest smoking country in the European Union) is increasing its tax from 75% to 80%
 * The majority of the E.U. has a higher tax by percentage of retail price than any state in theU.S.
 * In 2008,Wisconsin’s tax increase brought in a profit of $543.2 million
 * A study conducted by theUniversityofMichigan-Ann Arborhas concluded that 6-8% of health care costs are direct results of cigarette smoking
 * Less smoking adds up to approximately $480 million saved each year in smoking-related medical costs
 * WithWisconsin’s tax already being fairly high, the number of cigarettes sold decreased by nearly 18%

Evaluation of research This article is clear and well-researched. It provides consistent evidence to support its arguments and persuade the reader that the tax on cigarettes should be raised.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The topic has been adequately addressed because the author makes multiple points to suggest that the tax should be raised instead of just arguing one perspective pro. He explains that the government will get more money for the economy, people will be less likely to buy the cigarettes, and the nation will save on health costs.

Evaluation of author bias: The author explicitly states that the tax on cigarettes should be raised. The article is meant to persuade others to feel the same way as it continually lists how such a tax will benefit the country overall.

This article will be very useful to me. Unlike most of my other sources that just provide the facts about the dangers of cigarette smoking, this source argues a solution to the problem. I feel that raising the tax on cigarettes is an adequate solution in the mean time. I recognize that making tobacco use completely prohibited is unrealistic and won’t end well. However, I believe that raising the taxes on cigarettes is a step in the right direct to reduce cigarette smoking.
 * REFLECTION: **

Whitehead, John W. "Smoking Tobacco Should Be Illegal." //Smoking//. Ed. Noel Merino.New York: Greenhaven, 2011. 53-58. Print.
 * Annotation # 7 **
 * MLA Citation: **

Author’s credentials: John W. Whitehead is an author and constitutional attorney. He is the founder and president of The Rutherford Institute, established in 1982. He himself has also written multiple books. Additionally, his persuasive essay has been reprinted in a book published by Gale, which is a very scholarly and credible source in itself. The fact that Gale published this book reassures me that all of its contents contain reliable articles.
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This is a persuasive essay or article.

Intended Audience: This report is meant to convince an audience of all ages, genders, and races that tobacco smoking should be illegal.

Thesis or main idea: Tobacco smoking should be outlawed because they are the most dangerous drug in the United States and despite the fact that the government’s own studies have proven the drugs’ harmfulness, they continue to allow the distribution of it since they reap economical benefits.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments:
 * Our government is doing virtually nothing to stop the distribution of tobacco though it spends millions of dollars yearly to prevent illegal drugs from entering the country
 * As of 2004, the Surgeon General has issued a report stating that smoking causes diseases that affect almost every organ in the body
 * It doesn’t matter what kind of cigarette is smoked; in the end, none prove to provide any health benefits
 * The reason why such a lethal drug (tobacco) is still legal is because the tobacco industry contributes large sums of money to the government
 * The tobacco industry has tried to thwart public health policy through its “contributions”
 * Little has been done to deal with tobacco though thousands of teens begin smoking each year while hundreds of thousands of people are dying from tobacco use

Summary of evidence:
 * EVIDENCE **
 * George W. Bush’s Administration has campaigned against marijuana use (even fighting medical marijuana use and any other products with traces of hemp in them)
 * Cigarette smoking is linked to leukemia, cataracts, pneumonia, cervix cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer, and stomach cancer
 * The economic toll is over $157 billion in theU.S.($75 billion in direct medical costs and $82 billion in lost productivity)
 * As of 2003-2004, the tobacco industry contributed greater than $1.8 million to federal candidates, political parties, and political committees
 * Whether the cigarettes be considered light, ultra-light, low-tar, or low-nicotine, none offer any health benefits over the regular “full-flavor” cigarettes (the only way to avoid health hazards it to quit or never start smoking)
 * The Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids Action Fund and Common Cause issued a report stating that since 1997 (to 2004) the tobacco industry has contributed over $27.7 million to various political committees
 * In particular, contributions have been made to the sponsors and co-sponsors of the legislation that would provide regulation of tobacco products by the Food and Drug Administration
 * 2000 teens begin smoking each year (more than 90% start before the age of 18)
 * Over 400,000 Americans die each year from tobacco use

Evaluation of research: This article was quite informative. It includes plenty of statistical data, particularly the amount of money that the tobacco industry contributes to politicians and political committees, to try and convince the reader that tobacco should be illegal.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The topic has been effectively discussed. The author provides several arguments to support his point that tobacco use should be illegal. He discusses how cigarettes really don’t have any health benefits and the tobacco industry basically bribes the government.

Evaluation of author bias: The author clearly expresses that tobacco use should be illegal. The real reason why they are still regulated, the author suggests, is due to the large sums of money that the tobacco industry contributes to the government. At the increasing rate of diseases and deaths that cigarettes are causing, it is time for the government to step in and do something to stop it.

Though this article has not persuaded me to make tobacco use illegal, it does contain some valid arguments and data. I found it interesting just how much money the tobacco industry contributes to the government. It isn’t a far stretch to say that the tobacco industry bribes government officials to continue to regulate tobacco since cigarettes have virtually no health benefits. A prohibition of cigarettes will likely go just as bad as the prohibition of alcohol did, but something must be done to at least try to limit the distribution of tobacco.
 * REFLECTION: **

Naff, Clay Farris. "How Harmful Are Nicotine and Tobacco?" //Nicotine and Tobacco//.San Diego: ReferencePoint, 2007. 22-28. Print.
 * Annotation # 8 **
 * MLA Citation: **

Author’s credentials: Clay Farris Naff is an award-winning journalist and author. He was a Tokyocorrespondent for United Press International, a freelance reporter for National Public Radio, and a science-and-religion columnist for the Metanexus Institute. Naff has written and edited numerous books. In addition, he has been a freelance writer for Newsweek, Earth Magazine, The Humanist, and Scientific American, among other publications.
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This is an informative report.

Intended Audience: This article is intended to inform a large audience of all ages, genders, and races about the specifics regarding the impact of tobacco and nicotine on one’s health.

Thesis or main idea: The main idea of the article is that though “tobacco addiction is the single greatest cause of premature death in the modern world,” it is also the most preventable.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments: Summary of evidence:
 * Nicotine is an addictive drug
 * Tobacco would be easier to quit smoking if it did not contain nicotine
 * The brain quickly develops a tolerance for nicotine (therefore, more is needed to reach the same desired results)
 * Scientists believe that there is a genetic predisposition to nicotine addiction
 * Almost all smokers begin when they are teenagers (addiction sets in rather quickly)
 * Nicotine affects the roles of natural transmitters, including acetylcholine
 * The brain suffers from withdrawal once addicted because it can no longer function properly without nicotine
 * An addict’s body switches to “stress mode” when deprived of the drug
 * “The failure rate among would-be quitters is astronomical”
 * In order to successfully break the habit, smokers must create new behavior patterns to override actions that they associate with smoking
 * Nicotine-replacement therapy has helped cessation programs
 * The chemicals in cigarettes have varying consequences from pre-mature wrinkling to heart disease or lung cancer
 * EVIDENCE **
 * “When smoked or ingested in minute quantities, nicotine rapidly enters the bloodstream and then acts within seconds on the brain”
 * The body becomes used to the excess release of adrenaline caused by nicotine (eventually the physical affects become unnoticeable)
 * Those who smoke may become addicted in a few days, a few months, or possibly never
 * Over 96% of people receive nicotine through smoking cigarettes
 * “Damage done by tobacco is slow and cumulative, so the risks are not apparent at the time when addiction most commonly takes place”
 * A study performed by theUniversityofMassachusettsfound that 12 and 13-year-olds who smoked just a few cigarettes had the same symptoms of nicotine addiction as heavy-smoking adults
 * The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is responsible for relaying signals from neurons to muscles, focusing, and proper memory
 * Withdrawal symptoms are as follows: sweating, chills, trembling, insomnia
 * Over 80% of people who attempt to quit relapse within six months (the failure rate over a longer period of time is over 90%)
 * A common trigger for smoking among smokers is a morning cup of coffee. In order to dissociate the two, the smoker should begin to try and eat a carrot instead, or switch to drinking a soda to offset the conditioned smoking response.
 * Nicotine patches or special gums are used to allow the smokers to break the behaviors that they associate with smoking before withdrawal symptoms begin and the task is much more difficult
 * The chemicals in cigarette smoke blanket the lungs, either killing the cells immediately or causing them to uncontrollably reproduce (this causes tumors that can spread throughout the entire body)

Evaluation of research This article is clear and well-researched. It provides numerous data to support its arguments while also being very informative and getting into the details of nicotine addiction.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The topic has been adequately addressed. The author covers numerous aspects of nicotine and tobacco addiction. It contains multiple facts regarding the affects nicotine has on the brain and body, withdrawal symptoms, addiction time, how to quit, and relapse rates among much more.

Evaluation of author bias: Though the author doesn’t explicitly state that they are for or against cigarettes, I feel that it is apparent that he thinks nicotine is a quite serious drug that is highly addictive. The author seeks to warn people of its addictive properties.

Though this article is similar to the other one I annotated regarding nicotine addiction, this article has additional information that was not present in the other source. I found the relapse rates and tips on quitting particularly useful because just like any other drug, addicts often don’t think they have a problem. I would like to use this information to make it apparent to my audience that nicotine addiction is real, it begins young, and it is a very difficult addiction to break.
 * REFLECTION: **

Eriksen, Michael. "Antismoking Programs Work to Reduce Smoking." //Smoking//. Ed. Noel Merino. New York: Greenhaven, 2011. 89-93. Print.
 * Annotation # 9 **
 * MLA Citation: **

Author’s credentials: Michael Eriksen is director of the Institute for Public Health at Georgia State since 2002 and is former director of the Office on Smoking and Health at the CDC.Eriksen has published dozens of peer-reviewed articles and is co-author of __The Tobacco Atlas__. Dr. Eriksen received numerous awards for his work, including the Tobacco or Health Commemorative Medal from WHO. In 2004, the Georgia Cancer Coalition selected him as a Distinguished Cancer Scholar.
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This is a persuasive piece.

Intended Audience: This article is meant to persuade all audiences that antismoking programs work for their intended purpose.

Thesis or main idea: One of the best ways to reduce smoking, particularly among teenagers, is to use creative campaigns meant to reveal the truth about tobacco use.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments:
 * Smoking is the leading cause of death in society
 * Most people begin to smoke as adolescents
 * “Price increases, strict advertising restrictions, and clean indoor air laws are effective in reducing smoking for everyone, but are particularly effective among young people”
 * The Truth Campaign was created the American Legacy Foundation to work as a brand meant to compete with the big tobacco companies and reveal the truth behind smoking and tobacco
 * The Truth Campaign was exceptionally successful
 * In recent years, the tobacco industry has been found guilty for fraud

Summary of evidence:
 * EVIDENCE **
 * Smoking causes 1/5 of every deaths and kills 1/2 of lifetime smokers
 * Cigarettes kill over 50 people per hour (according to the Truth Campaign)
 * Teenagers show signs of nicotine addiction before even graduating high school
 * The smoking industry attempts to glamorize smoking in order to appeal to teens
 * Antismoking campaigns are successful in reducing the rates and social acceptability of smoking
 * The Truth Campaign reduced the risk of people starting to smoke by 20%
 * This is amounts to 450,000 fewer teen smokers
 * Every $1 spent on the campaign will save $6 on future medical costs averted
 * In May 2009 the tobacco industry was found guilty of “racketeering and perpetuating a fraud on the American people”
 * The Truth Campaign seeks to expose to truth to the people instead of them hearing continual lies from big tobacco companies

Evaluation of research This article is clear and well-researched. It provides evidence to support its arguments that the antismoking campaigns are both necessary and successful in reducing adolescent smoking.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The topic has been sufficiently addressed. The author recognizes that smokers often begin smoking as teenagers, who are continually influenced by society and their peers. He provides multiple points to suggest that creative antismoking campaigns, such as the Truth Campaign, have and will continue to reduce the onset of teen smokers.

Evaluation of author bias: The author’s biases rely with the notion that antismoking campaigns are necessary. He reveals that the campaigns have had success with deterring teen smoking, in recent years, while also exposing the lies from big tobacco companies.

While this article is not particularly long, it does bring up valid arguments. I agree that antismoking campaigns are necessary. The lives and medical costs they save are more than enough reason to push for such campaigns. I would like to draw attention to the Truth Campaign in my presentation because I feel that the facts the campaign reveals about the tobacco industry are particularly shocking and seemingly ridiculous, though they are true. Creative campaigns such as this are needed to make teenagers even more aware of the dangers of smoking.
 * REFLECTION: **

Banzhaf, John. "Smoking Bans in Outdoor Public Places Make Sense." //Smoking//. Ed. Noel Merino. New York: Greenhaven, 2011. 76-82. Print.
 * Annotation # 10 **
 * MLA Citation: **

Author’s credentials: John Banzhaf­ is a nationally-known George Washington University law professor and practitioner of public interest law. He is the founder of the smoking pressure group Action on Smoking and Health (ASH). Banzhaf used the so-​​called “fairness doctrine” of broadcast media to battle cigarette ads on television. Cigarette manufacturers responded by voluntarily eliminating all cigarette ads from broadcast media in 1970. Also, this article has been published by Gale, which is a very credible source in itself.
 * INFORMATION: **

Scope and purpose of the work: This is a persuasive piece.

Intended Audience: This article is also intended to explain to a wide audience of all ages and genders why smoking bans should be put into place outdoors.

Thesis or main idea: Smoking in outdoor areas should be banned because of the harmful effects and irritation of secondhand smoke.
 * SUMMARY **

Summary of main arguments:
 * Drifting tobacco smoke can cause various health affects to nonsmokers
 * Secondhand smoke exposure for just 30 minutes can raise a nonsmoker’s risk of having a fatal heart attack to that of a smoker’s risk
 * The municipalities that own and operate various public outdoor places are liable for the effects of tobacco smoke
 * People have a right not to be voluntarily exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke
 * Aside from harmful, tobacco smoking is irritating and should be banned like various other activities that are annoying to the people at public facilities
 * Cigarette butts are littered all over public places
 * Cigarettes are a common source of burns among children who are around smokers
 * Small children may be tempted to eat cigarette butts
 * Cigarette butts are a fire hazard
 * Cigarette butts are also harmful to wildlife
 * Smoking in public places sets a bad example for children (should be banned as public drinking is)
 * Smoking bans will help smokers who are trying to quit succeed
 * Hundreds of jurisdictions have already successfully banned smoking in outdoor areas

Summary of evidence:
 * EVIDENCE **
 * Drifting tobacco smoke can trigger asthma attacks as well as bronchial infections
 * Secondhand smoke places those already at risk for coronary problems at an even greater risk.
 * If a nonsmoker suffers a heart attack, asthma attack, etc. where tobacco smoke is present, those that own the public facility are liable since they didn’t take the step of banning smoking there
 * Tobacco smoke has been classified by the federal government as a “known human carcinogen” (like asbestos)
 * If precautions are taken to ensure asbestos is not exposed to the public, the same measures should be taken regarding tobacco smoke
 * Tobacco smoke should be banned in public places since even actions that are not harmful, yet annoying, to others are (i.e. playing loud music, drinking alcohol, exchanging in sexually provocative activity, using profanity)
 * 96 million Americans who have chronic conditions are especially susceptible to tobacco smoke
 * Smoking bans have been shown to reduce the costs of cleaning up public places as well as improving the over looks and appeal
 * Young children accidentally bump into parents’ and other adults’ cigarettes, which cause them to get burned
 * Cigarettes are designed to continue to burn several minutes after dropped though they are not still being smoked (therefore, they pose risks of creating potential fires)
 * Both children and wildlife are at risk of ingesting littered cigarette butts which contain hundreds of toxic chemicals
 * “Similarly, prohibiting smoking in outdoor places frequented by the public shields young children from seeing smoking as a common adult behavior to be emulated”
 * “Smoking bans—including outdoors as well as indoors—encourage and support quitting by making it more inconvenient for a person to remain a smoker”
 * 350 jurisdictions have prohibited smoking in outdoor areas without legal challenges, enforcement issues, or loss of taxes

Evaluation of research This article is logical and well-researched. It provides various arguments that all suggest that banning smoking in public outdoor areas is for the best interest of all people. The author provides explanations and evidence to back up each of his arguments.
 * EVALUATION **

Evaluation of scope: The topic has been effectively discussed as it explains the harmful effects of drifting tobacco smoke and the benefits of banning. He explains that secondhand smoke in public areas subjects people, unwillingly, to chemicals and health hazards. Cigarette butts are dangerous to the environment and particularly small children who don’t know better. The success in other jurisdiction is proof that banning smoking outdoors is a feasible solution.

Evaluation of author bias: The author is biased. He believes that tobacco smoking should be banned in public facilities. In his eyes, there are no negatives in banning the carcinogen.

I agree with the author of this persuasive essay. On top of anti-smoking campaigns and raising cigarette taxes, I also feel that outdoor smoking in public areas should be banned. I will use the arguments in this article during my research project in order to convince others to feel the same way. Banning smoking in public facilities is not too outrageous of a law and is truly in the best interest of the people as a whole.
 * REFLECTION: **